Bridging gaps, wearable tech, apps and physical activity in older adults A systematic review
Main Article Content
Abstract
The rapid advancement of wearable trackers and smart phone apps has introduced new avenues for promoting physical activity (PA) among older adults. This review examines efficacy, advantages and gaps associated with the adoption of and sustained utilization of these technologies in enhancing physical activity engagement. Findings showed that wearable trackers and smart phone apps proved significant advantages, such as real-time tracking of health indicators, motivation and early detection of health risks. However, gaps including technical literacy, data accuracy concerns, privacy issues, long-term adherence limit their full potential. This systematic review emphasizes the importance of customized training, intuitive interfaces, and health care integration to enhance adoption rates among older adults. The PrEAP model is proposed as a framework for enhancing preparation and readiness in the utilization of wearable technologies. Further studies ought to investigate tailored strategies and theories to bridge the gaps in technologies adoption among aging population.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Ammar, A., Bouaziz, B., Trabelsi, K., Glenn, J., Zmijewski, P., Müller, P., Chtourou, H., Jmaiel, M., Chamari, K., Driss, T., & Hökelmann, A. (2021). Applying digital technology to promote active and healthy confinement lifestyle during pandemics in the elderly. Biology of Sport, 38(3), 391-396. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.100149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.100149
Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020 Mar 19;91(1):157-160. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397
Dobbie, L. J., Tahrani, A., Alam, U., James, J., Wilding, J., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2021). Exercise in Obesity-the Role of Technology in Health Services: Can This Approach Work? Current Obesity Reports, 11(3), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00461-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00461-x
Dunn, M. A., Kappus, M. R., Bloomer, P. M., Duarte-Rojo, A., Josbeno, D. A., & Jakicic, J. M. (2021). Wearables, Physical Activity, and Exercise Testing in Liver Disease. Seminars in Liver Disease, 41(02), 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716564
Gao, Z., & Lee, J. E. (2019). Emerging Technology in Promoting Physical Activity and Health: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(11), 1830. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111830 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111830
Gregório, C., Agostinho, J. R., Rigueira, J., Santos, R., Pinto, F. J., & Brito, D. (2024). From Wristbands to Implants: The Transformative Role of Wearables in Heart Failure Care. Healthcare, 12(24), 2572. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12242572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12242572
Hicks, J. L., Althoff, T., Sosic, R., Kuhar, P., Bostjancic, B., King, A. C., Leskovec, J., & Delp, S. L. (2019). Best practices for analyzing large-scale health data from wearables and smartphone apps. Npj Digital Medicine, 2(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0121-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0121-1
Karas, M., Bai, J., Strączkiewicz, M., Harezlak, J., Glynn, N. W., Harris, T., Zipunnikov, V., Crainiceanu, C., & Urbanek, J. K. (2019). Accelerometry Data in Health Research: Challenges and Opportunities: Review and Examples. Statistics in Biosciences, 11(2), 210-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12561-018-9227-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12561-018-9227-2
Kapoor, G., Chauhan, P., Singh, G., Malhotra, N., & Chahal, A. (2022). Physical Activity for Health and Fitness: Past, Present and Future. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 12(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2022.12.1.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2022.12.1.9
Khan, T., Khan, K. D., Azhar, M. S., Shah, S. N. A., Uddin, M. M., & Khan, T. H. (2022). Mobile health services and the elderly: Assessing the determinants of technology adoption readiness in Pakistan. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(4), e2685. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2685 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2685
Leroux, A., Rzasa-Lynn, R., Crainiceanu, C., & Sharma, T. (2021). Wearable Devices: Current Status and Opportunities in Pain Assessment and Management. Digital Biomarkers, 5(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1159/000515576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000515576
Low, C. A. (2020). Harnessing consumer smartphone and wearable sensors for clinical cancer research. Npj Digital Medicine, 3(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00351-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00351-x
Müller, M. L. T. M., Marusic, U., Van Emde Boas, M., Weiss, D., & Bohnen, N. I. (2019). Treatment options for postural instability and gait difficulties in Parkinson's disease. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 19(12), 1229-1251. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2019.1656067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2019.1656067
Natalucci, V., Marmondi, F., Biraghi, M., & Bonato, M. (2023). The Effectiveness of Wearable Devices in Non-Communicable Diseases to Manage Physical Activity and Nutrition: Where We Are? Nutrients, 15(4), 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040913 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040913
Ng, A., Gupta, E., Bansal, S., Fontillas, R. C., Amos, C. E., Williams, J. L., Dibaj, S., & Bruera, E. (2021). Cancer Patients' Perception of Usefulness of Wearable Exercise Trackers. PM&R, 13(8), 845-851. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12475 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12475
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pottebaum, E., Warmoth, A., Ayyappan, S., Dickens, D. S., Jethava, Y., Modi, A., Tomasson, M. H., Carr, L. J., & Bates, M. L. (2021). Wearable Monitors Facilitate Exercise in Adult and Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 49(3), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000258
Ravalli, S., Roggio, F., Lauretta, G., Di Rosa, M., D'Amico, A. G., D'agata, V., Maugeri, G., & Musumeci, G. (2022). Exploiting real-world data to monitor physical activity in patients with osteoarthritis: The opportunity of digital epidemiology. Heliyon, 8(2), e08991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08991 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08991
Schmidt, L. I., Jansen, C.-P., Depenbusch, J., Gabrian, M., Sieverding, M., & Wahl, H.-W. (2022). Using wearables to promote physical activity in old age: Feasibility, benefits, and user friendliness. Zeitschrift Für Gerontologie Und Geriatrie, 55(5), 388-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-022-02083-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-022-02083-x
Štajer, V., Milovanović, I. M., Todorović, N., Ranisavljev, M., Pišot, S., & Drid, P. (2022). Let's (Tik) Talk About Fitness Trends. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 899949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.899949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.899949
Straiton, N., Hollings, M., Gullick, J., & Gallagher, R. (2023). Wearable Activity Trackers Objectively Measure Incidental Physical Activity in Older Adults Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement. Sensors, 23(6), 3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063347
Teixeira, E., Fonseca, H., Diniz-Sousa, F., Veras, L., Boppre, G., Oliveira, J., Pinto, D., Alves, A. J., Barbosa, A., Mendes, R., & Marques-Aleixo, I. (2021). Wearable Devices for Physical Activity and Healthcare Monitoring in Elderly People: A Critical Review. Geriatrics, 6(2), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6020038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6020038
Troiano, R. P., Stamatakis, E., & Bull, F. C. (2020). How can global physical activity surveillance adapt to evolving physical activity guidelines? Needs, challenges and future directions. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1468-1473. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102621
Trumpf, R., Zijlstra, W., Haussermann, P., & Fleiner, T. (2020). Quantifying Habitual Physical Activity and Sedentariness in Older Adults - Different Outcomes of Two Simultaneously Body-Worn Motion Sensor Approaches and a Self-Estimation. 20, 1877. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071877
Tudor-Locke, C., & Aguiar, E. J. (2019). Toward Comprehensive Step-Based Physical Activity Guidelines: Are We Ready? Kinesiology Review, 8(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2018-0065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2018-0065
Vijayan, V., Connolly, J. P., Condell, J., McKelvey, N., & Gardiner, P. (2021). Review of Wearable Devices and Data Collection Considerations for Connected Health. Sensors, 21(16), 5589. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165589
Vinciguerra, S., & Vinciguerra, M. (2019). Smart devices and healthy aging. Nutrition and Healthy Aging, 5(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.3233/NHA-170039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/NHA-170039
Wilde, L. J., Sewell, L., Percy, C., Ward, G., & Clark, C. (2022). What Are the Experiences of People with COPD Using Activity Monitors?: A Qualitative Scoping Review. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 19(1), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15412555.2022.2033192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15412555.2022.2033192
Williams, G. J., Al-Baraikan, A., Rademakers, F. E., Ciravegna, F., Van De Vosse, F. N., Lawrie, A., Rothman, A., Ashley, E. A., Wilkins, M. R., Lawford, P. V., Omholt, S. W., Wisløff, U., Hose, D. R., Chico, T. J. A., Gunn, J. P., & Morris, P. D. (2023). Wearable technology and the cardiovascular system: The future of patient assessment. The Lancet Digital Health, 5(7), e467-e476. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00087-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00087-0