Bounce or step The evolutionary leap in elite épée fencing footwork and its impact on performance

Abstract

This study investigates the evolution of footwork techniques in elite épée fencing, focusing on the traditional stepping method versus a modern bouncing technique. Using time-motion analysis of 163 bouts from the 2012 and 2020 Olympic Games, the research categorised footwork into two types: stepping (heel-to-toe) and bouncing (ball-of-foot, synchronous movement). Results revealed a significant shift in footwork preferences over time, with female fencers predominantly using bouncing footwork, which was significantly associated with higher attack success in both Olympic cycles. Male fencers, however, showed greater success with stepping footwork. Statistical analysis confirmed moderate to weak associations between footwork type and attack success, with 66.7% of Olympic medallists using bouncing footwork, though gold medals were more often won with stepping. The findings suggest that while both footwork styles can be effective, their success may depend on sex, tactical preference, and possibly national coaching strategies. This is the first empirical study to directly compare these footwork styles in fencing, highlighting the need for further biomechanical research and supporting a more individualised approach to athlete development.