Effects of ergogenic supplements and dietary supplements on young athletes’ performance A review
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Physical exercise is becoming more prevalent in today’s lifestyle and makes physically fit, and promotes different types of development or skills. Athletes rely on sports nutrition supplements: ergogenic and dietary supplements; these supplements fulfill the nutritional requirements, save time and achieve health goals. Many athletes don't have sufficient knowledge related to the safety of using ergogenic supplements. There are various ergogenic supplements used by athletes but excess of these supplements has been linked to major health problems. Dietary supplements are more nutritious and safer than ergogenic supplements. They are not a prescription medicine and to cure illnesses of the athletes.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abou Elmagd, M. (2016). Benefits, need and importance of daily exercise. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 3(5), 22-27.
Aljaloud, S., Colleran, H. L., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2020). Nutritional Value of Date Fruits and Potential Use in Nutritional Bars for Athletes. Food Science and Nutrition, 11(6), 463-480. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2020.116034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2020.116034
Aljaloud, S. O., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2013). Use of Dietary Supplements among Professional Athletes in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2013, 245349. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/245349 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/245349
Apostu, M. (2014). The Effect of Ergogenic Substances Over Sports Performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 117, 329-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.222
Ayad, A. A., Williams, L. L., Gad El-Rab, D. A., Ayivi, R., Colleran, H. L., Aljaloud, S., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2020). A review of the chemical composition, nutritional and health benefits of dates for their potential use in energy nutrition bars for athletes. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 6(1), 1809309. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1809309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1809309
Baltazar-Martins, G., de Souza, D. B., Aguilar-Navarro, M., Muñoz-Guerra, J., del Mar Plata, M., & Del Coso, J. (2019). Prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement use in elite spanish athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16 (1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0296-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0296-5
Baro, M., Singh, J., Thapa, S. K., & Sonowal, A. (2016). Physical Fitness and Wellness-Challenge in the 21st Century. International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, 5(1), 29-32. https://doi.org/10.26524/1616 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26524/1616
Beck, K. L., Thomson, J. S., Swift, R. J., & von Hurst, P. R. (2015). Role of nutrition in performance enhancement and postexercise recovery. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 6, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s33605 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S33605
Bellinger, P. M. (2014). β-Alanine supplementation for athletic performance: an update. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(6), 1751-1770. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000327
Bhardwaj, S., & Saraswat, S. (2019). Product development, nutrient and sensory analysis of sports drink based on chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.). International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 4(2), 187-190.
Bhavani, B., Reddy, D. K., & Waghray, K. (2018). Energy bars made with popped with amaranth. International Journal of Food and Fermentation Technology, 8(2), 223-228. https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-9396.02.2018.13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-9396.02.2018.13
Bingham, M. E., Borkan, M. E., & Quatromoni, P. A. (2015). Sports Nutrition Advice for Adolescent Athletes: A Time to Focus on Food. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 9(6), 398-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827615598530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827615598530
Borges, L. P. S. L., Sousa, A. G., & da Costa, T. H. M. (2022). Physically inactive adults are the main users of sports dietary supplements in the capital of Brazil. European Journal of Nutrition, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02799-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02799-x
Broughton, D., Fairchild, R. M., & Morgan, M. Z. (2016). A survey of sports drinks consumption among adolescents. British Dental Journal, 220(12), 639-643. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.449
Chandegara, M., Chatterjee, B., & Sewani, N. (2018). Development of Novel Chocolate Energy Bar by using Nuts. International Journal of Food and Fermentation Technology, 8(1), 93-97. https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-9396.01.2018.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-9396.01.2018.12
Cordrey, K., Keim, S. A., Milanaik, R., & Adesman, A. (2018). Adolescent Consumption of Sports Drinks. Pediatrics, 141(6), e20172784. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2784 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2784
Darvishi, L., Askari, G., Hariri, M., Bahreynian, M., Ghiasvand, R., Ehsani, S., Mashhadi, N. S., Rezai, P., & Khorvash, F. (2013). The Use of Nutritional Supplements Among Male Collegiate Athletes. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(Suppl 1), S68-S72.
Deldicque, L., & Francaux, M. (2016). Potential harmful effects of dietary supplements in sports medicine. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 19(6), 439-445. https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000321
Dumith, S. C., Gigante, D. P., Domingues, M. R., & Kohl III, H. W. (2011). “Physical activity change during adolescence: a systematic review and a pooled analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(3), 685-698. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq272
Edenfield, K. M. (2020). Sports Supplements: Pearls and Pitfalls. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 47(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2019.10.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2019.10.002
Elosegui, S., López-Seoane, J., Martínez-Ferrán, M., & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2022). Interaction Between Caffeine and Creatine When Used as Concurrent Ergogenic Supplements: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 1(aop), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0262
El Khoury, D., & Antoine-Jonville, S. (2012). Intake of Nutritional Supplements among People Exercising in Gyms in Beirut City. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2012, 703490. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/703490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/703490
Evereklioğlu, C. 2021. Research & Reviews in Health Sciences - II. Chapter - 3, Diuretics: Doping Agents. Publisher: Yaşar Hız.
Favretto, D., Visentin, S., Scrivano, S., Roselli, E., Mattiazzi, F., Pertile, R., Vogliardi, S., Tucci, M., & Montisci, M. (2019). Multiple incidence of the prescription diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in compounded nutritional supplements. Drug Testing and Analysis, 11(3), 512-522. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2499
Garthe, I., & Maughan, R. J. (2018). Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429
Gill, A., & Meena, G. S. (2020). Formulation of functional energy bars using dairy and non-dairy ingredients: A Review. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(6), 1337-1342. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6s.10946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6s.10946
Guddal, M. H., Stensland, S. Ø., Småstuen, M. C., Johnsen, M. B., Zwart, J. A., & Storheim, K. (2019). Physical activity and sport participation among adolescents: associations with mental health in different age groups. Results from the Young-HUNT study: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open, 9(9), e028555. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028555
Haider, A., Ajaz, H., Kanwal, R., Khalid, M. Z., Saeed, M. T., Sabir, A., Khalid, W., Irfan, M., Azhar, A., & Ubaid, M. (2021). A Critical Review on Natural Nutritional Bars and Synthetic Dietary Supplements. International Journal of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, 1(1), 19-37.
Halder, S., & Daw, S. (2020). Importance of sports drinks as a performance prerequisites. Senhri Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(2), 09-19. https://doi.org/10.36110/sjms.2020.05.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36110/sjms.2020.05.02.002
Ho, T. W., Tsai, H. H., Lai, J. F., Chu, S. M., Liao, W. C., & Chiu, H. M. (2020). Physical fitness cognition, assessment, and promotion: A cross-sectional study in Taiwan. PloS One, 15(10), e0240137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240137
Huerta Ojeda, Á., Tapia Cerda, C., Poblete Salvatierra, M. F., Barahona-Fuentes, G., & Jorquera Aguilera, C. (2020). Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Aerobic-Anaerobic Transition Zones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12(9), 2490. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092490
Hurst, P., Ring, C., & Kavussanu, M. (2021). Athletes using ergogenic and medical sport supplements report more favourable attitudes to doping than non-users. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(3), 307-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.012
Hurst, P., Ring, C., & Kavussanu, M. (2022). Moral values and moral identity moderate the indirect relationship between sport supplement use and doping use via sport supplement beliefs. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2053387 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2053387
Jovanov, P., Sakač, M., Jurdana, M., Pražnikar, Z. J., Kenig, S., Hadnađev, M., Jakus, T., Petelin, A., Škrobot, D., & Marić, A. (2021) High-Protein Bar as a Meal Replacement in Elite Sports Nutrition: A Pilot Study. Foods, 10(11), 2628. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10112628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10112628
Kalpana, K., Lal, P. R., Kusuma, D. L., & Khanna, G. L. (2013). The effects of ingestion of sugarcane juice and commercial sports drinks on cycling performance of athletes in comparison to plain water. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(3), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34256
Khan, S. U., Khan, A., Khan, S., Khan, M. K., & Khan, S. U. (2017). Perception of Athletes about Diet and Its Role in Maintenance of Sports Performance. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. 7(2), 592. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000592
Kioukia-Fougia, N., Georgiadis, N., Tsarouhas, K., Vasilaki, F., Fragiadaki, P., Meimeti, E., & Tsitsimpikou, C. (2017). Synthetic and Natural Nutritional Supplements: Health “Allies” or Risks to Public Health?. Recent Patents on Inflammation and Allergy Drug Discovery, 10(2), 72-85. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213X10666160923163700 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213X10666160923163700
Krasina, I., Kurakina, A., Kasymova, C., & Krasina, E. (2021). Development of the grain energy bars with the high content of dietary fibers. E3S Web of Conferences, 285, 05006. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128505006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128505006
Liddle, D. G., & Connor, D. J. (2013). Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS. Primary Care, 40(2), 487-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2013.02.009
López-González, L. M., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., Mata, F., Jodra, P., Antonio, J., & Domínguez, R. (2018). Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: a systematic review. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0267-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0267-2
López-Samanes, A., Fonseca, J. F. O., Elías, V. E. F., Borreani, S., Maté-Muñoz, J. L., & Kovacs, M. S. (2015). Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Tennis: A Brief Review. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 37(3),1-11. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000141
Malm, C., Jakobsson, J., & Isaksson, A. (2019). Physical Activity and Sports-Real Health Benefits: A Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden. Sports, 7(5), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050127
Malsagova, K. A., Kopylov, A. T., Sinitsyna, A. А., Stepanov, A. A., Izotov, A. A., Butkova, T. V., Chingin, K., Klyuchnikov, M. S., & Kaysheva, A. L. (2021). Sports Nutrition: Diets, Selection Factors, Recommendations. Nutrients, 13(11), 3771. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113771 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113771
Mas, M. F., Rañal, J. L., Concepción, R. A. R., González-Sepúlveda, L., Rivas-Tumanyan, S., Frontera, W. R., & Ramos E. (2019). Use of ergogenic supplements by young athletes in a sports specialized school. Journal of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2(3), 126-137. https://doi.org/10.4103/jisprm.jisprm_55_19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jisprm.jisprm_55_19
Mathews, N. M. (2018). Prohibited Contaminants in Dietary Supplements. Sports Health, 10(1), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117727736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117727736
Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., ... & Engebretsen, L. (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 104-125. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020
Menal-Puey, S., & Marques-Lopes, I. (2021). Regulatory Framework of Fortified Foods and Dietary Supplements for Athletes: An Interpretive Approach. Nutrients, 13(11), 3858. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113858
Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Marques-Jiménez, D., Refoyo, I., Del Coso, J., León-Guereño, P., & Calleja-González, J. (2019). Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11(10), 2313. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102313
Muñoz, A., López-Samanes, Á., Domínguez, R., Moreno-Pérez, V., Jesús Sánchez-Oliver, A., & Del Coso, J. (2020). Use of Sports Supplements in Competitive Handball Players: Sex and Competitive Level Differences. Nutrients, 12(11), 3357. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113357
Murphy, M. J., Rushing, B. R., Sumner, S. J., & Hackney, A. C. (2022). Dietary Supplements for Athletic Performance in Women: Beta-Alanine, Caffeine, and Nitrate. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 1(aop), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0176
Nagata, J. M., Peebles, R., Hill, K. B., Gorrell, S., Carlson, J. L. (2021). Associations between ergogenic supplement use and eating behaviors among university students. Eating Disorders, 29(6), 599-615. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2020.1712637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2020.1712637
Negro, M. (2014). Dietary supplements in sports nutrition. Nutrafoods, 13(3), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13749-014-0037-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13749-014-0037-y
Nieman, D. C. (2021). Current and Novel Reviews in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients, 13(8), 2549. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082549
Ohuruogu, B. (2016). The Contributions of Physical Activity and Fitness to Optimal Health and Wellness. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(20), 123-128.
Oliveira, C. B., Sousa, M., Abreu, R., Ferreira, Â., Figueiredo, P., Rago, V., Teixeira, V. H., & Brito, J. (2021). Dietary supplements usage by elite female football players: an exploration of current practices. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 00, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14001
Peeling, P., Binnie, M. J., Goods, P. S. R., Sim, M., & Burke, L. M. (2018). Evidence-Based Supplements for the Enhancement of Athletic Performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0343
Porrini, M., & Del Boʼ, C. (2016). Ergogenic Aids and Supplements. Sports Endocrinology, 47, 128-152. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000445176
Prisukhina, N. V., & Ermosh, L. G. (2020). Development of energy bars formulae for athletes, based on the essential nutrients balance. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 548(8), 082019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/548/8/082019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/548/8/082019
Ray, H. R. D., Firmansah, A., & Patriasih R. (2017). Energy Bars with Curcumin Content Increase Human Performance. 2nd International Conference on Sports Science, Health and Physical Education, 1, 486-489. https://doi.org/10.5220/0007063704860489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5220/0007063704860489
Sharma, C., Kaur, A., Aggarwal, P., & Singh, B. (2014). Cereal bars-A Healthful Choice A Review. Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 6(2), 29-36.
Sharma, D., & Sood, S. (2020). Effect of Processing on Selected Nutrient Profile of Seeds used for Inclusion in Energy Bars of Sports Person. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 9(9), 3095-3105. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.382
Sharma, D., Sood, S., Verma, R., & Thakur, A. (2021). Development and Storage Stability of Multi Seed Energy Bars for Sports Persons. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research, 47(1), 66-76.
Shaw, K. A., Zello, G. A., Bandy, B., Ko, J., Bertrand, L., & Chilibeck, P. D. (2021). Dietary Supplementation for Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13(6), 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu13062016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062016
Silva, E. P. D., Siqueira, H. H., Damiani, C., & Vilas Boas, E. V. D. B. (2016). Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of snack bars added of jerivá flour (Syagrus romanzoffiana). Food Science and Technology, 36(3), 421-425. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.08115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.08115
Sousa, M., Fernandes, M. J., Carvalho, P., Soares, J., Moreira, P., & Teixeira, V. H. (2016). Nutritional supplements use in high-performance athletes is related with lower nutritional inadequacy from food. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(3), 368-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.01.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.01.006
Stein, J. A., Ramirez, M., & Heinrich, K. M. (2020). Acute Caffeine Supplementation Does Not Improve Performance in Trained CrossFit® Athletes. Sports, 8(4), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8040054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8040054
Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Hoffman, J. R., Wilborn, C. D., Sale, C., Kreider, R. B., Jäger, R., Earnest, C. P., Bannock, L., Campbell, B., Kalman, D., Ziegenfuss, T. N., & Antonio, J. (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y
Vaibhavi, V. G., & Bhakti, V. G. (2014). Product Development, Biochemical and Organoleptic Analysis of a Sports Drink. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 1(4), 01-05. https://doi.org/10.9790/6737-0140105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/6737-0140105
Vicente-Salar, N., Santos-Sánchez, G., & Roche E. (2020). Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Racquet Sports: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12(9), 2842. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092842
Walpurgis, K., Thomas, A., Geyer, H., Mareck, U., & Thevis, M. (2020). Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls. Foods, 9(8), 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9081012