FIFA World Cup 2022 and Bangladesh Shedding light from the sociology of sport

Main Article Content

Anisur Rahman Khan
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8154-0284

Abstract

The FIFA World Cup is the most exalted sporting event in the globe. Although Bangladesh is not historically a great football-playing nation and has never been any close to the final stage of World Cup qualification, the FIFA World Cup matters so much for Bangladesh. This content analysis is an effort to understand the implications of the FIFA World Cup 2022, held in Qatar, in Bangladesh from the standpoint of the sociology of sport. News, events, opinions and activities published in various national and international online English news portals capturing the connection between the FIFA World Cup 2022 and Bangladesh have been analysed. Findings have been categorised and analysed according to the essence of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology: functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. Three theoretical perspectives in sociology offer meaningful explanations about the interface between the FIFA World Cup 2022 and Bangladesh. According to functionalism, the FIFA World Cup 2022 conveyed several beneficial consequences for Bangladesh. But some incidents of dysfunction were also noted. The ways Bangladeshi expatriate workers involved in World Cup-related construction projects were exploited and suffered has been explained by conflict theory. The whole of Bangladesh was inextricably connected with the FIFA World Cup 2022. This factor is explained by symbolic interactionism.

Article Details

How to Cite
Khan, A. R. (2023). FIFA World Cup 2022 and Bangladesh: Shedding light from the sociology of sport. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, 3(1), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.55860/PFUX3298
Section
Articles
Author Biography

Anisur Rahman Khan, East West University

Department of Sociology.

References

Ahamad, R. (2022 April 01). Bangladeshis among 24,400 abused in Qatar. New Age. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.newagebd.net/article/166981/bangladeshis-among-24400-abused-in-qatar

Al-Dosari, K. (2020). Analysis of the anticipated and potential economic impacts of mega sporting events on developing countries: A case of FIFA 2020 World Cup in Qatar. Journal of Business and Management (COESandRJ-JBM), 8(3), 156-17. https://doi.org/10.25255/2306.8043.2020.8.3.156.176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25255/2306.8043.2020.8.3.156.176

Al-Emadi, A., Sellami, A. L., and Fadlalla, A. M. (2022). The perceived impacts of staging the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 26(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2021.2017327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2021.2017327

Ali, I. B. (2022 Nov 17). What it means when we hoist foreign countries' flags during the World Cup. The Daily Star. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/what-it-means-when-we-hoist-foreign-countries-flags-during-the-world-cup-3171801

Amnesty International (2022). Predictable and preventable: why FIFA and Qatar should remedy abuses behind the 2022 world cup. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde22/5586/2022/en/

Azad, A. (2022a, November 15). Local sports goods market thrills to Qatar World Cup. The Business Standard. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/local-sports-goods-market-thrills-qatar-world-cup-532222

Azad, M. (2022b, November 20). Six teens died while hanging Brazil and Argentina's flag. Kaler Kantho. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.kalerkantho.com/english/online/national/2022/11/20/42861

Babar, Z., and Vora, N. (2022). The 2022 World Cup and migrants' rights in Qatar: Racialised labour hierarchies and the influence of racial capitalism. The Political Quarterly, 93(3), 498-507. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.13154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.13154

Bakul, W.U. and Siam, N. A. (2022, November 28). Bangladesh WC mania catches imagination of world. New Age. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.newagebd.net/article/187741/bangladesh-wc-mania-catches-imagination-of-world

Bandyopadhyay, K. (2016). Football in South Asia. In John Hughson, Kevin Moore, Ramón Spaaij and Joseph Maguire (eds) Routledge Handbook of Football Studies (pp. 388-401) Abingdon: Routledge.

Bdnews24.com (2022, November 16). World Cup frenzy in graffiti. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://bdnews24.com/media-en/image/p5xyuzv3p3

Bhattacherjee, K. (2022, December 19). Football World Cup effect: Bangladesh PM calls for direct diplomatic relation with Argentina. The Hindu. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/football-world-cup-effect-bangladesh-pm-calls-for-direct-diplomatic-relation-with-argentina/article66282903.ece

Benzies, K. M., and Allen, M. N. (2001). Symbolic Interactionism as a theoretical perspective for multiple method research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(4), 541-547. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01680.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01680.x

Berry, B. (2010). Making it big: Visible symbols of success, physical appearance, and sport figures. In Earl Smith (edt.) Sociology of sport and social theory (pp. 187-199). Champaign IL.: Human Kinetics. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595892.ch-014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595892.ch-014

Chankuna, D. (2022). Socio-economic impacts of FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: A Study in Chon Buri sports city residents. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2372928/v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2372928/v1

Coakley, J. (1998). Sport in society: Issues and controversies. Boston: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Coakley, J. (2017). Sociology of sport. In K. K. Odel (Ed.). The Cambridge handbook of sociology: Core areas in sociology and the development of the discipline (pp. 355-364). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316418376.036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316418376.036

Collins, T. (2013) Sport in capitalist society: A short history. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203068113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203068113

Crossan, W. (2012). Applying social theory to sport migration. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, 48, 1: 99-117.

Daily Bangladesh (2022a, November, 29). FIFA tweets Brazil's Bangladeshi fans franzy. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/sports/78869

Daily Bangladesh (2022b, November, 7). Father painted building in Argentina colour for his son request. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/country/78185

Delaney, T. (2015). The functionalist perspective on sport. In Giulianotti, R (edt.) Routledge Handbook of the Sociology of Sport (pp. 18 to 28). Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203404065-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203404065-4

Delaney, T., and Madigan, T. (2015). The Sociology of sport: An introduction. Jefferson: McFarland and Company, Inc.

Del Casino, Vincent J. (2020). Symbolic Interactionism. In A. Kobayashi (edt). International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp.177-181). Netherlands: Elsevier Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10716-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10716-4

Delwar, H. (2022, December 1). Bangladesh and the Qatar World Cup. The Diplomat. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/bangladesh-and-the-qatar-world-cup/

Dhaka Tribune (2022a, November 30). Qatar official: 400-500 migrant workers died on World Cup projects. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/2022/11/30/qatar-official-400-500-migrant-workers-died-on-world-cup-projects

Dhaka Tribune, (2022b, October 29). Bangladeshis among thousands of workers evicted in Qatar before World Cup. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dhakatribune.com/middle-east/2022/10/29/bangladeshis-among-thousands-of-workers-evicted-in-doha-before-world-cup

Dhar, B. (2022, November 14). Argentina, Brazil flags adorn Rangamati bridges ahead of World Cup. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/11/14/bridges-in-rangamati-hill-get-new-look-with-argentina-brazil-flag

Djalal, D. (2015). The socio-economic value of sports: Strengthening social capital through football. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n6p16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n6p16

DW. (2017, January 06). Swiss court rejects lawsuit against FIFA over Qatar. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dw.com/en/swiss-court-rejects-lawsuit-against-fifa-over-qatar-world-cup/a-37038148

Dziubiński Z. Deviant Behaviour in Competitive Sport. A Sociological Attempt at Explaining the Phenomenon. Balt J Health Phys Act. 2009; 1(2):150-159. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10131-009-0018-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10131-009-0018-5

FIFA (nda). Football unites the world. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.fifa.com/social-impact/campaigns/football-unites-the-world

FIFA (ndb). Men's ranking. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/men?dateId=id13974

Foyez, A. (2022, November 18). In Bangladesh, countdown to World Cup brings frensied fandom laced with tears. Benar News. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/bangladesh-football-world-cup-11182022165323.html

Frawley, S. and Adair, D. (2014). Managing the World Cup: Managerial Dimensions. In S. Frawley and D. Adair (eds.) Managing the football world cup (pp. 1-6). Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137373687_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137373687_1

GoB (nd). Bangladesh - Qatar Relations. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://doha.mofa.gov.bd/en/site/page/Bilateral-Relations

Giulianotti, R. (2015). Introduction. In Giulianotti, R (edt.) Routledge handbook of the sociology of sport (pp. xix to xxiii). Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203404065-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203404065-1

Giulianotti, R., and Thiel, A. (2023). New horizons in the sociology of sport. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1060622 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1060622

Hasan, M. R. (2022, November 19). FIFA craze: Faridpur fan builds 8 miniature Qatar stadiums for villagers. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/11/19/fifa-craze-faridpur-fan-builds-8-miniature-qatar-stadiums-for-villagers

Hayward, K. (2015). Conflict and consensus. In J. D. Wright (edt) International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp.589-593). India: Elsevier Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.96010-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.96010-0

Hoque, T. (2022, November 19). Four ways Bangladeshi fans showed their obsession for the World Cup. The Daily Star. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/four-ways-bangladeshi-fans-showed-their-obsession-the-world-cup-3174681

Horne, J., and Manzenreiter, W. (2006). An introduction to the sociology of sports mega-events. The Sociological Review, 54(2_suppl), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00650.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00650.x

Jackson, W.A. (2002) Functional explanation in economics: A qualified defence. Journal of Economic Methodology, 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501780110078981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501780110078981

Kamal, T. K. and Jashim, E. H. (2022, November 20). World Cup fever grips Bangladesh. Bangladesh Post. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/world-cup-fever-grips-bangladesh-99568

Kaler Kantho. (2022, November 18). FIFA officials will wear 'made in Bangladesh' t-shirts. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.kalerkantho.com/english/online/national/2022/11/18/42774

Khan, N., Naz, A. and Khan, W. (2017). An insight to the sociological explanation of suicide: A perspective based article. Suicidology Online, 8: 27

Lüschen, G., and Hammerich, K. (1967). The Sociology of Sport. Current Sociology, 15(3), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/001139216701500301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001139216701500301

Mahmood, S. (2022, November 20). Argentina fans make 3,000 foot flag in Mymensingh. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/11/16/argentina-fans-make-3000-feet-flag-in-mymensingh

Mazumder, K.U. (2022, November 30). Bangladesh's contribution to FIFA World Cup 2022. Global Village Space. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.globalvillagespace.com/bangladeshs-contribution-to-fifa-world-cup-2022/

McDonald, I. (2015). Marxist and Neo-Marxist approaches on sport. In Giulianotti, R (Edt.) Routledge Handbook of the Sociology of Sport (pp. 40 to 49). Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203404065-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203404065-6

New Age (2022, November 22). Argentina fan dies of heart attack in Bangladesh. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.newagebd.net/article/187215/argentina-fan-dies-of-heart-attack-in-bangladesh

Newson, M. (2017). Football, fan violence, and Identity Fusion. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 54(4), 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690217731293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690217731293

Ormerod, R. (2020). The history and ideas of sociological functionalism: Talcott Parsons, modern sociological theory, and the relevance for OR. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 71(12), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2019.1640590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01605682.2019.1640590

Prothom Alo. (2022, June 09). 7 injured as Brazil, Argentina football fans clash in Bangladesh. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://en.prothomalo.com/sports/football/7-injured-as-brazil-argentina-football-fans-clash-in-bangladesh

Rasul, F. M. (2021, December 15). Achievements of Bangladesh in sports in 50 years since independence, UNB NEWS. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://unb.com.bd/category/sports/achievements-of-bangladesh-in-sports-in-50-years-since-independence/84190

Saikat, H. J. R. (2022, November, 20). The 'World Cup' hype in Bangladesh. The Business Standard. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/world-cup-hype-bangladesh-535378

Saim, M. A. (2022, December 22). Bangladesh and Argentina: From football to friendship and diplomatic relations. New Age. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.newagebd.net/article/189617/from-football-to-friendship-and-diplomatic-relations

Sarkar, S. (2022, December 17). At least 5 died in Bangladesh over excitement among Argentina fans during Qatar World Cup 2022, Pipa News. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://pipanews.com/at-least-5-died-in-bangladesh-over-excitement-among-argentina-fans-during-qatar-world-cup-2022-pipa-news/

Sartor, M. L. and Cunningham, George B. (2007). Explaining the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions of sport organisations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Quest, 59, 2, 244-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2007.10483551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2007.10483551

Shultz, C. J., Castilhos, D., Fajardo, A.A.B., Grbac, B., and Chatzidakis, A. (2015). The FIFA World Cup: Analyses and interpretations of the world's biggest sporting spectacle. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Macromarketing Conference: 303-305. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1067&context=business_facpubs

Simon, R. M. (2016). The conflict paradigm in sociology and the study of social inequality: Paradox and possibility. Theory in Action, 9(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.16001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.16001

Snyder, E. E., and Spreitzer, E. (1974). Sociology of Sport: An Overview. The Sociological Quarterly, 15(4), 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1974.tb00909.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1974.tb00909.x

Sobuj, K.K. (2022, December 19). 7 injured in clash between Argentina-Brazil supporters in Kushtia. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/12/19/7-injured-in-clash-between-argentina-brazil-supporters-in-kushtia

Stryker, S., Vryan, K.D. (2006). The symbolic interactionist frame. In J. Delamater (eds) Handbook of social psychology (pp. 3-28). Boston, MA. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36921-X_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36921-X_1

Sumon, S. (2023, February 27). Argentina reopens embassy in Bangladesh after World Cup love-in. Arab News. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.arabnews.com/node/2259071/world

Swapan, A. R. (2022, December 14). Argentina fan dies of heart attack watching World Cup in Barisal. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dhakatribune.com/nation/2022/12/14/argentina-fan-dies-of-heart-attack-watching-world-cup-in-barisal

The Daily Star (2022a December 10). 1 dead after Brazil, Argentina fans clash in Habiganj. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/1-dead-after-brazil-argentina-fans-clash-habiganj-3192701

The Daily Star (2022b December 20). Thank you Bangladesh, your support was wonderful! Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/sports-special/fifa-world-cup-2022/news/thank-you-bangladesh-your-support-was-wonderful-3200706

The Daily Star (2023 January 30). Qatar World Cup: HC seeks list of dead, hurt Bangladeshi workers. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/qatar-world-cup-hc-seeks-list-dead-hurt-bangladeshi-workers-3234391

The Guardian (2016, December 08). Legal action filed against FIFA over treatment of Qatar migrant workers. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/dec/08/legal-action-filed-against--fifa-over-treatment-of-qatar-migrant-workers-world-cup-2022

The Financial Express (2022, November 21). Is it football euphoria or craze? Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/opinions/is-it-football-euphoria-or-craze-1668963903

Uddin, J. (2023, February 24). Bangladesh-Argentina: A soft power opening the door of opportunities for Bangladesh. South Asia. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/02/24/bangladesh-argentina-a-soft-power-opening-the-gigantic-door-of-opportunities-for-bangladesh/

Walter, J. D. and Ford, M. (2022, November 16). Fact check: How many people died for the Qatar World Cup? DW. Retrieved from [Accessed 12/12/2023]: https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-how-many-people-have-died-for-the-qatar-world-cup/a-63763713

Weiss, O. (2001). Identity reinforcement in sport: Revisiting the symbolic interactionist legacy, International Review for the Sociology of Sports, 36(4), 393-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269001036004002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/101269001036004002

Zurcher, L. A. (1982). The staging of emotion: A dramaturgical analysis. Symbolic Interaction, 5(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.1982.5.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/si.1982.5.1.1