Inclusion of a connected adaptive resistance exercise machine in a 6-week training regimen with collegiate basketball players A double-blind randomized controlled trial
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of incorporating connected adaptive resistance exercise (CARE) into a training regimen with collegiate basketball players on lower body performance metrics. Thirty-two male participants (aged 18-26) with collegiate basketball experience trained thrice weekly for 6 weeks with a periodized training program that included CARE and were randomized 1:1 and blinded to an intervention group (n = 16; where the CARE used accentuated eccentric loading (AEL)) or an active control group (n = 16; where the CARE did not use accentuated eccentric loading (ACTL)). Standard anthropomorphic measures along with one repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat, vertical jump height, and peak power were assessed prior to and following completion of the training regimen. Both groups demonstrated significant increases in 1-RM back squat, jump height, and peak power (both p < .001). However, AEL yielded significantly greater improvements compared to ACTL across these measures (p <.001, g = 0.91; p <.001, g = 0.89; p <.001, g = 0.92, respectively). The findings of the present study demonstrate that the inclusion of CARE may be a superior strategy for improving performance variables of lower-body strength, peak power and jump height for male collegiate basketball players.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Baum J.T., Carter R.P., Neufeld E.V., Dolezal B.A. (2020). Donning a Novel Lower-Limb Restrictive Compression Garment During Training Augments Muscle Power and Strength. International Journal of Exercise Science, 13(3): 890-9.
Blazina M.E., Kerlan R.K., Jobe F.W., Carter V.S., Carlson G.J. (1973). Jumper's knee. Orthopedic clinics of North America, 4(3): 665-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-5898(20)32343-9
Bredin S.S., Gledhill N., Jamnik V.K., Warburton D.E. (2013). PAR-Q+ and ePARmed-X+: new risk stratification and physical activity clearance strategy for physicians and patients alike. Canadian Family Physician, 59(3): 273-7.
Buskard A.N.L., Gregg H.R., Ahn S. (2018). Supramaximal Eccentrics Versus Traditional Loading in Improving Lower-Body 1RM: A Meta-Analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 89(3): 340-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2018.1472365
Dolezal B., Lau M.J., Abrazado M., Storer T., Cooper C. (2013). Validity of two commercial grade bioelectrical impedance analyzers for measurement of body fat percentage. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 16: 74-83.
Douglas J., Pearson S., Ross A., McGuigan M. (2017). Chronic Adaptations to Eccentric Training: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine, 47(5): 917-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0628-4
Fiorilli G., Mariano I., Iuliano E., Giombini A., Ciccarelli A., et al. (2020). Isoinertial Eccentric-Overload Training in Young Soccer Players: Effects on Strength, Sprint, Change of Direction, Agility and Soccer Shooting Precision. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 19(1): 213-23.
Grgic J., Lazinica B., Schoenfeld B.J., Pedisic Z. (2020). Test-Retest Reliability of the One-Repetition Maximum (1RM) Strength Assessment: a Systematic Review. Sports Medicine Open, 6(1): 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00260-z
Gual G., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A., Romero-Rodriguez D., Tesch, P. A. (2016). Effects of In-Season Inertial Resistance Training With Eccentric Overload in a Sports Population at Risk for Patellar Tendinopathy. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(7): 1834-42. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001286
Harden M., Wolf A., Russell M., Hicks K.M., French D., Howatson G. (2018). An Evaluation of Supramaximally Loaded Eccentric Leg Press Exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(10): 2708-14. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002497
Harman E.A., Rosenstein M.T., Frykman P.N., Rosenstein R.M., Kraemer W.J. (1991) Estimation of Human Power Output from Vertical Jump. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 5(3): 116-20. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199108000-00002
Harris-Love M.O., Gollie J.M., Keogh J.W.L. (2021). Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(4): 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6040096
Higbie E.J., Cureton K.J., Warren G.L., Prior B.M. (1996). Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(5): 2173-81. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2173
Horwath O., Paulsen G., Esping T., Seynnes O., Olsson M.C. (2019). Isokinetic resistance training combined with eccentric overload improves athletic performance and induces muscle hypertrophy in young ice hockey players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(7): 821-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.017
Kobal R., Pereira L.A., Zanetti V., Ramirez-Campillo R., Loturco I. (2017). Effects of Unloaded vs. Loaded Plyometrics on Speed and Power Performance of Elite Young Soccer Players. Frontiers in Physiology, 8:742. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00742
Krentz J.R., Chilibeck P.D., Farthing J.P. (2017). The effects of supramaximal versus submaximal intensity eccentric training when performed until volitional fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(10): 2099-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3700-3
Leard J.S., Cirillo M.A., Katsnelson E., Kimiatek D.A., Miller T.W., et al. (2007). Validity of two alternative systems for measuring vertical jump height. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4): 1296-9. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200711000-00055
Lorenz D., Reiman M. (2011). The role and implementation of eccentric training in athletic rehabilitation: tendinopathy, hamstring strains, and acl reconstruction. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 6(1): 27-44.
Malisoux L., Francaux M., Nielens H., Theisen D. (2006). Stretch-shortening cycle exercises: an effective training paradigm to enhance power output of human single muscle fibers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 100(3):771-9. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01027.2005
Merrigan J., Borth J., Taber C., Suchomel T., Jones M. (2022). Application of Accentuated Eccentric Loading to Elicit Acute and Chronic Velocity and Power Improvements: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Strength and Conditioning, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v2i1.80
Mike J., Kerksick C.M., Kravitz L. (2015). How to Incorporate Eccentric Training Into a Resistance Training Program. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 37(1): 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000114
Moore C.A., Schilling B.K. (2005). Theory and Application of Augmented Eccentric Loading. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 27(5): 20-7. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200510000-00002
Murtaugh B., M. Ihm J. (2013). Eccentric Training for the Treatment of Tendinopathies. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 12(3): 175-82. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3182933761
Nunez F.J., Santalla A., Carrasquila I., Asian J.A., Reina J.I., Suarez-Arrones L.J. The effects of unilateral and bilateral eccentric overload training on hypertrophy, muscle power and COD performance, and its determinants, in team sport players. Public Library of Science One, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193841
Nuzzo J.L., Nosaka K. (2022). Comment on: "Stepwise Load Reduction Training: A New Training Concept for Skeletal Muscle and Energy Systems". Sports Medicine, 52(9): 2297-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01661-8
Ojasto T., Hakkinen K. (2009). Effects of different accentuated eccentric loads on acute neuromuscular, growth hormone, and blood lactate responses during a hypertrophic protocol. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(3): 946-53. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a2b22f
Ozaki H., Abe T., Loenneke J.P., Katamoto S. (2020). Stepwise Load Reduction Training: A New Training Concept for Skeletal Muscle and Energy Systems. Sports Medicine, 50(12): 2075-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01341-5
Paddon-Jones D., Abernethy P.J. (2001). Acute adaptation to low volume eccentric exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(7): 1213-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200107000-00021
Schoenfeld B.J., Grgic J., Van Every D.W., Plotkin D.L. (2021). Loading Recommendations for Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Local Endurance: A Re-Examination of the Repetition Continuum. Sports (Basel), 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9020032
Stasinaki A.N., Zaras N., Methenitis S., Bogdanis G., Terzis G. (2019). Rate of Force Development and Muscle Architecture after Fast and Slow Velocity Eccentric Training. Sports (Basel), 7(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020041
Stephenson M.L., Smith D.T., Heinbaugh E.M., Moynes R.C., Rockey S.S., et al. (2015). Total and Lower Extremity Lean Mass Percentage Positively Correlates with Jump Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(8): 2167-75. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000851
Suchomel T.J., Wagle J.P., Douglas J., Taber C.B., Harden M., et al. (2019). Implementing Eccentric Resistance Training-Part 2: Practical Recommendations. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 4(3): 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4030055
Tomioka M., Owings T.M., Grabiner M.D. (2001). Lower Extremity Strength and Coordination Are Independent Contributors to Maximum Vertical Jump Height. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17(3): 181-7. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.17.3.181
Turner A.N., Jeffreys I. (2010). The Stretch-Shortening Cycle: Proposed Mechanisms and Methods for Enhancement. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 32(4): 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181e928f9
Vogt M., Hoppeler H.H. (2014). Eccentric exercise: mechanisms and effects when used as training regime or training adjunct. Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(11): 1446-54. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.2013
Wagle J.P., Taber C.B., Cunanan A.J., Bingham G.E., Carroll K.M., et al. (2017). Accentuated Eccentric Loading for Training and Performance: A Review. Sports Medicine, 47(12): 2473-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0755-6
Wilt F. (2012). Plyometrics-What it is and how it works. Modern Athlete and Coach, 16:9-12.
Wright G.A., Pustina A.A., Mikat R.P., Kernozek T.W. (2012). Predicting lower body Power from vertical jump prediction equations for loaded jump squats at different intensities in men and women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(3): 648-55. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182443125
Younes-Egana O., Mielgo-Ayuso J., Stojanovic M.D.M., Bird S.P., Calleja-Gonzalez J. (2023). Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Kinetics, 88: 243-57. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/167469